Almost every breastfeeding mother has a time when they need to pump, store, and prepare breast milk for their baby. For example, if you have to go back to work and want to continue breastfeeding, if you want your partner to help with a feeding, or if you have to run errands. It’s any time you must be away from your little one for several hours. This is why pumping your breast milk can be very convenient and sometimes necessary.

As a postpartum doula, I have helped many clients who have often needed advice and assistance on how to pump and store, and sometimes, preparing breast milk isn’t done correctly. I wanted to share some tips below to answer questions about correctly storing and preparing your breast milk. Hopefully, these tips will make this process a lot easier!

How To Collect Breast Milk

There are a multitude of breast pumps available on the market. Make sure to do your research to find out what pump will work best for you to express milk. If you are unsure how to use your pump, read the instructions and follow the suggestions. It is essential to know how to use your pump before actually using it. If you are unsure or have questions, ask your lactation consultant for assistance. Once you’ve chosen a breast pump, you can take these steps to collect breast milk:

1. Ensure Everything Is Clean

The first thing you should do is wash your hands with soap and water. Then, wash the bottles and breast pump parts in hot, soapy water. Some people boil water and place the pump parts and bottles to sterilize. Others use their dishwasher since the temperature it reaches helps sanitize, but this depends on the pump.^1,8 Just make sure that the rest of the dishes are pre-rinsed. You don’t want leftovers on them — see tips for properly cleaning a breast pump.

NOTE: Do NOT wash the tubing in a dishwasher or sterilize it in any machine. This can cause water to get into the tubing. This isn’t good because water can get into the machine and break it.

You want the parts to air dry, so lay them on a clean towel or paper towel. You can also use a drying rack. Note that you do not have to sanitize your pump parts every use. Between using them, you can hand wash with soapy hot water. The CDC recommends you sanitize the pieces once a day to ensure “extra germ” removal.¹ Sanitizing is most important for infants under 2 months old, those with a weakened immune system, and infants born prematurely.¹ Once the parts are clean, you can assemble your pump.

2. Check the Size of Your Breast Shields

When you are ready to start pumping, ensure you have the correct size breast shields so your nipple fits comfortably. Having the right shield size is so important for successful pumping. The standard kit most families purchase comes with one or two different size options. However, there are various shields you can buy separately. Most of my clients experience that the shield the kit comes with is too small. Make sure to check if you need to purchase a larger size. Medela makes breast shields to fit all nipple sizes, from small to extra large.

3. Start Pumping!

Find a quiet and comfortable place and start pumping. Work to find a comfortable cycle speed and suction level. A pumping “session” should end when your breasts feel empty and expressed milk begins to slow down. For every mother, the amount of time it takes to pump will vary but is commonly seen to be about 10-15 minutes.⁴

How To Store Breast Milk

To store your milk, pour it into breast milk collection bottles or disposable bags designed specifically for breast milk. The bottle must be a clean, capped glass or hard plastic, BPA-free container.⁹

Breast milk storage bags might tear, leak, and contaminate more easily than hard-sided containers. So, place the bags in a hard plastic food storage container with a tightly sealed lid for extra protection. Even though disposable bags are made for breast milk, these things still happen. I have seen several mothers cry over their spilled milk, so carefully store it. To easily find the oldest bag of stored breast milk, check out Milkies’ The Freeze.

Again, seal containers tightly to prevent any leaking. Write the date and time on a piece of tape on the bag or bottle — this way, you know which is the oldest since you want to use the oldest milk first. Place the containers in the back of the refrigerator or freezer, where the temperature is the coolest.² If you don’t have access to a fridge or freezer, store the milk temporarily in an insulated cooler.

I recommend freezing your breast milk in 2- to 5-ounce portions. Small amounts thaw faster, so this way, you waste less milk, save more time, and avoid over-feeding your baby. Many parents want their babies to finish the whole bottle since they don’t want to waste a drop, but you do not want to overfeed your baby. Also, leave extra room at the top of the container or bag because the liquid will expand when frozen. You don’t want the bottle or bag to burst!

To further assist you in storing breast milk, here’s a helpful chart to follow:

You can also read these tips for creating a breast milk freezer stash. However, if your baby was born premature, these guidelines might differ slightly. You should check with your healthcare provider for the recommended storage guidelines for your specific situation.

How To Prepare Breast Milk

Once again, hand hygiene is always important, so wash your hands before preparing breast milk. When you are ready to prepare the breast milk, you want to gently swirl the warmed bottle to mix the milk layers.⁷ Do NOT shake the milk. That damages the milk.¹⁰

If your breast milk has been stored in your fridge, you can use a bottle warmer or place it under running warm water in a cup or bowl full of warm water.⁷ Do NOT microwave your breast milk or heat it quickly on the stove. This also damages the composition of the milk and can create hot spots that can scald your baby’s mouth.⁷ No fun.

If you’re trying to thaw your frozen breast milk, first move your milk to your fridge the night before. You can hold the bag or bottle under warm running water if you need it sooner. It will take longer to thaw and warm than a cool/cold bag of breast milk stored in the fridge. When you have a hungry baby, that might not be ideal. Before feeding your baby, make sure to test the breast milk’s temperature.⁷

FAQs About Breast Milk and Feeding

Here are answers to other common questions that moms have about feeding:

When Should I Introduce the Bottle?

Lactation consultants recommend not introducing a bottle until breastfeeding has been established and is going well.¹¹ I’ve heard many times from different lactation consultants to introduce a bottle. Some said three to four weeks, while others said longer than six weeks. I usually recommend starting slowly and introducing one bottle at two to three weeks. From there, you can slowly build up.

I’ve seen many babies only want the boob because their parents never introduced the bottle until later, and I have had other babies only want the bottle because it was introduced too soon and for too many feedings. When it comes down to it, the most critical factor in introducing a bottle is ensuring that the breastfeeding relationship is established and the baby is breastfeeding well.⁵

How Should a Working Mom Store Milk?

If you’re returning to work, you will want to begin pumping to store milk one to two weeks before you return.¹² Many working moms use the fresh milk they pump while at work for feedings the next day. They bring home the fresh milk and refrigerate it for the next day’s feedings. So Friday’s milk is used for Monday. You want to save your frozen breast milk for emergencies.

What Should Pumped Milk Look Like?

It is normal for pumped milk to vary in color, consistency, and scent depending on your diet.⁹ When you pump your milk and let it sit for a little while, it will separate into layers. The cream will rise to the top and be a lighter color.

Can I Refreeze My Breast Milk?

This is another major question I get asked often. The answer is no, you can’t. Do NOT refreeze. Once it’s frozen and thawed, you must use it within 24 hours (which is how long it is safe in the refrigerator.)³

Can I Combine My Breast Milk?

Many people wonder if they can combine breast milk when storing it. Mixing expressed breast milk can only be done if freshly expressed milk is cooled before being combined with other cooled breast milk. You do not want to add warm milk to already cooled milk, which could rewarm the older milk.⁶

So there it is! My advice on how to properly collect, store, and prepare your breast milk. I hope it helps you have an easier time with feeding!

When it comes to breastfeeding in those first newborn days, it can feel like there are a million moving parts to get your baby on the breast with a “perfect” latch and breastfeeding successfully. With so much going on, recommended breastfeeding techniques can be easily overlooked and leave mom with not only sore nipples but also an aching back or neck. Let’s take the part where mom’s back is killing her while nursing out of the equation by bringing in a nursing pillow. Nursing pillows are excellent tools to help you get your little one into an ideal position for breastfeeding.

What Is a Nursing Pillow?

Nursing pillows are breastfeeding tools used to support the baby and assist in making breastfeeding as comfortable as possible for the mom. The nursing pillow allows the mom to help adjust the baby into an ideal position for successful breastfeeding.¹ Most commonly, a breastfeeding pillow will come across the front of the mother’s abdomen and wrap around her slightly above the hips. Nursing pillows are generally found in a C- or U-like shape and made of a foam material. Many breastfeeding pillows come in various forms, sizes, and colors. Two of the most common brands are Boppy and My Brest Friend.

What Is a Nursing Pillow For?

Nursing pillows are designed to help your baby be propped up into an ideal breastfeeding position, helping mom and baby breastfeed comfortably with optimal support. Commonly, breastfeeding mothers will have complaints of a sore back or neck. This usually comes as a result of the mom moving her body down to the baby’s level to latch and feed. Breastfeeding pillows allow mom to position baby in a more supported and higher-up position, bringing baby up to her.

This support allows for a better position for the mom to work on the baby having a good latch and helps prevent the mom from being hunched over and causing stress on her back and neck areas. When breastfeeding is comfortable for both baby and mother, it will be easier to meet breastfeeding goals and have a successful breastfeeding journey.¹

How To Use a Boppy Pillow

The Boppy pillow has a simple, user-friendly design. With both of my daughters, I chose to use the Original Support Nursing Pillow by Boppy for breastfeeding. I found the Boppy to be easy to use, and it offered the perfect amount of support for me to breastfeed comfortably. Although colors and design were not at the top of my priority list when looking for the ideal pillow for breastfeeding, it was nice to see the large variety of prints and colors available to choose from. The size of the Boppy made this feeding pillow convenient to bring anywhere I went.

Here’s how to use the Boppy Pillow:

1. Find a comfortable seated position.
2. Place the opening of the pillow around your waist or side, depending on where you need support for your preferred breastfeeding position.
3. You are now ready to feed your baby.

How To Use a My Brest Friend Pillow

Another commonly recommended breastfeeding pillow is the My Brest Friend pillow. This feeding pillow offers a backrest to help give support to mom’s back and neck by promoting good posture. It also has a wraparound design to assist in maintaining the feeding position while nursing, a large “firm front” cushion for the baby to rest on while feeding, and even an armrest for the mom.

Here’s how to use My Brest Friend Breastfeeding Pillow:

1. Find a comfortable seated position.
2. Place the pillow around your waist with the backrest behind you.
3. Move the pillow to your desired height for breastfeeding.
4. Use the clasp to close and secure the pillow.
5. Make sure the pillow is close to your body and comfy.
6. Place baby on the pillow, and you are ready to breastfeed.

Benefits of a Nursing Pillow

Nursing pillows allow baby to be in a higher position, which provides a better opportunity for baby to latch well and supports mom’s back and neck by adjusting baby so she does not need to hunch or bend over.¹

One published study specifically looked at the impact nursing pillows had on mother’s fatigue levels. The result showed that fatigue levels were lower for mothers who used pillows while breastfeeding. They attribute this to babies being in a position where they are more motivated to feed and can feed more successfully. Being in a position to latch well leads to fewer breastfeeding complications such as nipple pain, engorgement, and mastitis.²

Another benefit of nursing pillows is the convenience factor. While bed pillows or rolled blankets can help get the job done, breastfeeding pillows offer convenience, helping mom get their baby into a comfortable position before each feeding with little effort.

Are There Other Ways You Can Use Your Nursing Pillow?

You should only use nursing pillows for nursing or bottle-feeding. You should never lay your infants in or prop them up on a feeding pillow and leave them alone for the risk of rolling into a position where something may obstruct their breathing. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has acknowledged that breastfeeding pillows can pose a safety risk for little ones if misused and has even called for new regulations for the design and marketing of nursing support pillows.³

Things To Keep In Mind When Buying Nursing Pillows

It is easy to get overwhelmed when deciding on products you might need for your baby, including which breastfeeding pillow to choose. I always recommend doing your due diligence when researching products. Look into all the details to see what product best meets your needs and expectations.

If possible, try out different nursing pillows before you purchase one. If you have a friend who has a Boppy pillow, My Brest Friend pillow, or another breastfeeding pillow, ask to borrow it to find out which might work best for you and your little one. Once your baby arrives and you can give them a try, you can see which one you are most comfortable with and make an informed purchase. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to which nursing pillow works best. Every individual will have a different preference as to which is most comfortable and supportive to their needs. There are also many nursing pillows for tandem feeding if you have twins!

Moms, we want you to meet your breastfeeding goals and be as comfortable as possible while doing so. Nursing pillows offer support, comfort, and convenience when it comes to getting yourself and your baby into a breastfeeding position that will set you up for a successful feeding session. As always, contact your lactation team or healthcare provider if concerns or questions arise during your breastfeeding journey. You are never alone!

If you have heard of colostrum, I’m sure you know it is also called “liquid gold.” It has this nickname for a good reason. This liquid is packed full of nutrients that all work to support your baby’s needs and offer protection. Colostrum may be tiny in volume, but it is mighty in its benefits to your baby.

What Is Colostrum?

After birth, the first milk available to your baby is called colostrum.¹ This incredible source of nutrition comes in small doses but is precisely what the baby needs. It is a thick liquid packed full of protein, minerals, and antibodies.^2,3 This early milk provides your newborn’s nutrition while also being an important source of infection protection.⁴ Antibodies pass from mom through the colostrum and are the key to the protection it offers.

Some may worry about the volume their baby is receiving with this liquid gold, thinking it is not enough. We are so used to seeing babies with bottles full of a large amount of milk or formula that it can be confusing. It is essential to know that baby’s stomachs are small. They do not need large quantities of food in the first days of life. Their stomachs will slowly grow. The small amount is just what your baby needs for nutrition as they are learning to breastfeed. In the first few days, it also allows your baby to learn more easily the basics of breastfeeding; sucking, swallowing, and breathing.⁵

When Does Colostrum Come In, and How Long Does It Last?

Here’s a cool fact: Women begin to produce colostrum during pregnancy.⁷ This usually begins around 12 to 18 weeks.^5,6 Once a baby is born, a mother’s body has the colostrum ready and continues to produce it for about the first three to four days after birth.^2,8,9 It is the first milk before a mother’s milk fully comes in.² Isn’t it amazing what our bodies can do to prepare to meet our baby’s needs right at arrival? Because colostrum is being made during pregnancy, some women may even collect it in the last weeks before the baby arrives. Having colostrum available can be beneficial in some circumstances. This may be something to talk about with your healthcare team and should be discussed before trying on your own.¹⁰

What Does It Look Like?

As noted, colostrum is often referred to as “liquid gold.” This name comes from not only the benefits it offers but also the color. When expressed, colostrum milk is a yellowish, golden color.¹ It is thick and may only be a few drops when expressed at first. Although colostrum may not be much in volume, it is still exactly what a baby needs.⁸

What Are the Benefits?

With so many nutrients and antibodies in colostrum, the benefits your baby receives from it are truly incredible. Some of these benefits include:

• Providing optimal nutrition⁶
• Supporting and building the immune system⁶
• Lining the intestines to keep away germs⁵
• Maintaining blood sugar levels⁶
• Helping baby pass meconium and lowering the risk of jaundice by assisting in getting rid of bilirubin through stooling^6,9

Colostrum vs. Breast Milk: What’s the Difference?

Colostrum is the first milk a mother’s body makes. Within three to four days, colostrum will change from a thick, yellowish liquid into milk, which is thinner and whiter in color.²

Colostrum is found to be richer in protein and minerals than milk. In contrast, breast milk has more carbohydrates, sugar, fats, and certain vitamins. The higher fat, carbohydrate, and lactose levels of milk are necessary for supporting the baby’s growth and providing energy. Breast milk also offers more calories than colostrum.⁶

Should You Use a Colostrum Supplement?

If your baby is having a challenging time latching or cannot breastfeed for another reason, colostrum can be hand-expressed. It is always a good idea to ask your health team to assist with this process to show you the correct technique to use to help you be successful. Once expressed, the colostrum can be cup-fed, spoon-fed, or even syringe-fed to your baby. Getting the liquid goodness even when they can’t breastfeed will benefit your baby.¹¹

Today, there are supplements on the market, commonly bovine colostrum. If you cannot express colostrum alone, this may be an option to explore. As with introducing anything to your little one, it is essential to discuss the introduction of a supplement with your medical team before using it. They can assist you in finding the best supplement for your little one if recommended.

With the vast health benefits that colostrum offers your little one, it truly deserves the nickname liquid gold. The nutrients and antibodies it provides will help protect your little one right from the start of life. If you have questions about colostrum, contact your healthcare team for support.

As a mom with a new baby, your nutrition is always an afterthought. All eyes (and thoughts) revolve around your cute new baby! Nutrition for both mom and baby is essential postpartum and throughout your breastfeeding journey. By nourishing yourself with the best foods for breastfeeding, you provide your baby with many needed nutrients to help support their growth and development through breast milk.⁸

When you breastfeed, your body needs more energy and calories for milk production. Lactation increases your body’s caloric needs by about 300 to 400 additional calories daily.⁴ You need calories and energy to help produce milk, feed, and care for your little one. This is why a healthy, well-balanced diet packed with nutrient-rich foods is paramount. Let’s dive into seven great food groups to add to your breastfeeding diet.

Best Foods for Breastfeeding to Add to Your Diet

1. Iodine and Choline

Sources of iodine are essential to add to your breastfeeding diet. Iodine supports infant growth and neurological development. The amount of iodine a baby receives through breast milk depends on the mother’s iodine levels.¹ Good sources of iodine include iodized table salt, seafood such as shrimp and tuna, eggs, low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese.²

Along with iodine, choline is also crucial for babies, and they should receive it through breast milk. Choline supports the growth and development of your little one’s spinal cord and brain. Good sources of choline to add to your diet include eggs, kidney beans, peas, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and milk.³

2. Water

Hydration, hydration, hydration. No matter what you are doing, drinking plenty of water is always a good idea. It’s the same for breastfeeding. Although there is no recommended amount of fluid intake for breastfeeding, a good rule of thumb is to drink when thirsty.⁴  Some women like to drink water every time they breastfeed. It is also important to note that limiting the amount of caffeinated and sugary drinks you have each day is best.⁵

3. Protein

Protein-rich foods are always a good choice while breastfeeding. Protein is essential as it helps repair and make cells, supports both mother and baby’s muscle health, and is good for overall growth.^6,9 Eggs, beans, lean meats, chicken, and nuts are good examples of protein sources you may want to add to your diet.⁵

4. Fruits and Vegetables

Adding fruits and vegetables to your daily diet will add great sources of nutrients and a variety of vitamins and minerals.

Fruit is delicious, very nutritious, and an excellent healthy food choice for your breastfeeding diet. Some nutrients found in fruits include vitamin C, fiber, and potassium.¹⁰  Whole fruits such as apples, berries, oranges, and bananas are easy choices for a quick grab-and-go healthy snack.²

Vegetables can also add nutrients to your diet. These include fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, and potassium.⁹  Vegetables can be the perfect addition to your dinner, or you might even sneak some into your morning eggs or grab a handful of baby carrots for an afternoon snack.

5. Dairy

Dairy products are a healthy source of calcium and vitamin D, so they are an integral part of a breastfeeding diet. Calcium plays a vital role in bone and teeth health and strength, while vitamin D is crucial for helping the body absorb calcium.⁶  Some dairy sources include milk, yogurt, and cheese. Use milk or yogurt in a smoothie, or have some cheese for a fast snack.

6. Whole Grains

Whole grains are packed with nutrients. They are an abundant source of vitamins and many minerals. Being a good source of fiber is an additional benefit of eating whole grains. This is your cue to grab some popcorn for an afternoon snack or start your day with a bowl of oatmeal; you will be doing good things for your body. Other sources of whole grains include brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread.⁷

7. Vitamins

Some essential vitamins and minerals for babies are received through their mother’s breastmilk and are impacted by their mom’s diet. These include vitamins A, B6, B12, iodine, and riboflavin.⁴  A supplement may be recommended if a mom is not eating foods rich in these vitamins and minerals. This is common for mothers with restricted diets, such as vegans or vegetarians. It is essential to speak with your health care provider to discuss your diet and if taking supplements and vitamins might be the right choice for you.⁴

Knowing that your diet can impact your health and the nutrients your little one receives through breast milk is an excellent reason to plan for and eat nutritious meals and snacks throughout your day. With some planning and help from your support system, you can fuel your body with all the best foods for breastfeeding for you and your precious little one.

Breastfeeding discomforts can be quite a literal pain when they pop up. Caring for your baby while dealing with breastfeeding discomforts and concerns can be overwhelming and tiring. Some common breastfeeding difficulties may or may not present themselves during your journey. By being aware of these discomforts and knowing how to manage them, you will be prepared and set yourself up for success.

7 Common Breastfeeding Discomforts

Let’s dive into seven common causes of breastfeeding discomforts and recommendations for handling them if they arise.

1. Clogged Ducts & Engorgement

While engorgement and clogged ducts are technically two different discomforts, they are related.

Engorgement

Engorgement of the breasts can refer to both edema of the breasts and milk stasis. Edema can commonly occur when a mother has a quick and sudden increase in her milk supply or has increased volumes of intravenous (IV) fluids during labor.^1,2  Both can cause increased fluid to build in the breasts, resulting in engorgement. This increased fluid can impact milk ducts, not allowing them to fully dilate and leading to milk stasis.¹

Another form of engorgement is a result of milk stasis. Milk stasis occurs when the mother’s breasts are full of breast milk and have not been emptied as needed. Milk stasis can lead to further problems, such as plugged milk ducts and mastitis, and impact milk supply if not addressed and taken care of.¹

Because of edema and milk stasis, engorgement can cause a mother’s breasts to feel tender and sometimes painful, firm, warm, and red.² It can make breastfeeding extra challenging, especially regarding baby latching.

How To Manage Engorgement

Recommendations to manage engorgement include the following:

• Skin-to-skin contact with mother and baby to encourage breastfeeding.¹
• Ensure the baby is latching correctly to adequately remove milk from the mother’s breasts.¹
• Frequent removal of milk from the breast. This can be done by baby breastfeeding or expressing milk.²
• Reversed pressure softening technique. This allows the mother to help with edema around the areola, making latching for the baby easier and allowing them to remove milk adequately.^1,2
• Cold pack application for 20-minute intervals.²
• Anti-inflammatory medications. Make sure to speak with your healthcare provider before taking it.²
• Lymphatic drainage. This is a technique to help move fluid and decrease edema.²
• Consultation with a lactation specialist for management guidance.

Clogged Ducts

Clogged ducts, also known as plugged milk ducts or ductal narrowing, occur when factors such as breast engorgement cause milk ducts to be compressed and narrow. Plugged milk ducts can present as tender lumps in the breast and can cause warmth, redness, and increased discomfort.¹ If ductal narrowing is left untreated, it can lead to mastitis.²

How To Manage Clogged Ducts

Recommendations to manage clogged ducts include the following:

• Breastfeed baby on demand.^1,2
• Wear loose-fitting clothing, and do not wear restricting bras or bras with underwire.^1,2
• Sunflower lecithin daily can help. Reach out to your healthcare team for help with correct dosing.²
• Avoid over-pumping, as this can worsen things and cause an oversupply of breast milk.²
• Avoid deep massage; this can cause harm and injure the breast.²

2. Mastitis

Just hearing the term mastitis can make you cringe. It is a breastfeeding discomfort that everyone hopes they can avoid. Mastitis can develop when ductal narrowing occurs in the breast due to inflammation, edema, and other contributing factors.² Mastitis can present as flu-like symptoms such as fever, increased heart rate, and chills and can cause a painful area in the breast that is red and swollen.²  Some forms of mastitis may require treatment with antibiotics.

How To Manage Mastitis

Some recommendations to manage mastitis include the following:

• Continue to breastfeed your baby. It is recommended to continue to bring your baby to your breast for feedings even while managing and treating mastitis.²
• Consult with your healthcare team. They will be able to evaluate your symptoms, and they may prescribe antibiotics for bacterial mastitis.²

3. Nipple Pain

Are you experiencing nipple pain? Stop what you are doing, and let’s dive into how your baby is latching. Many newly breastfeeding mothers do not realize the importance of “properly” latching your little one to the breast. If your baby does not have a deep latch, it is common for moms to experience nipple pain and discomfort. First-time breastfeeding moms may not know what a “good latch” should look or feel like. This is why many moms may experience nipple pain at the start of their breastfeeding journey. Learning a “good latch” can take time and practice for you and your baby, but with support and education, you can navigate this discomfort and breastfeed without nipple pain.

How To Manage Nipple Pain

Here are several recommendations for managing nipple pain:

• Work on a “good latch.” Some signs of a proper breastfeeding latch may include pain-free breastfeeding with the mother and baby being comfortable, the baby latching on with a wide mouth, and covering most of the areola, not only the nipple, the baby’s lips are flanged out on the breast, and you can visibly see or hear baby swallowing breastmilk.³
• When experiencing nipple pain, consulting with a lactation specialist is always helpful. The consultant can evaluate how your baby latches to your breast and show you the correct way to latch. Pain can start due to a shallow latch, with the baby just sucking on the nipple. They may also evaluate your little one’s suck and oral anatomy to identify contributing factors that may impact latching.¹
• Find the breastfeeding position that works best for you and your baby. There are many “holds” you can try. It is also helpful to use a breastfeeding pillow to support your baby and also help you feel more comfortable and not “slouched” over.¹
• If your nipples have visible cracks and trauma, take measures to treat them.¹

4. Let Down Discomfort and Pain

Some women will experience discomfort or pain when they “let down.” For many who experience this, it lasts about the first month of breastfeeding.¹ A mother with a strong milk ejection reflex might experience sharp pain in the breast as her milk begins flowing.¹ For others, this discomfort can result from numerous reasons, such as having an oversupply of breast milk, engorgement, an infection, plugged ducts, or even an injury.⁴

How To Manage Let Down Discomfort and Pain

Here are several recommendations to help you manage discomfort and pain with let down:

• Find a comfortable, supportive, and relaxed position to breastfeed.⁴
• Address concerns that may be causing letdown pain.⁴
• Hand express a small amount of breastmilk, then latch baby.¹
• Consult with a lactation specialist for guidance and support.

5. Thrush or Yeast Infection

When thrush is untreated, it can spread quickly. This could even mean the yeast can spread to your nipples if your baby has untreated oral thrush.⁵  If you are experiencing a yeast infection on your nipples, the skin on your areola and nipple may look irritated and inflamed and cause you pain while feeding and in between feedings.¹

How To Manage Thrush

Recommendations to manage thrush or a yeast infection include the following:

• Reach out to a healthcare provider for an evaluation and treatment plan.¹
• Rinse the nipple area with water before and after feeding your little one.¹
• If breastfeeding is painful, express breast milk for your baby until the pain resolves; otherwise, you may continue breastfeeding.^1,5
• If thrush is suspected in the baby, consult your pediatrician for a treatment plan.⁶

6. Biting Baby

There comes an age when your baby may start to bite while breastfeeding, and this is not only a painful discomfort but can be pretty shocking. As your baby gets older, distractions become commonplace when breastfeeding. Any little noise or movement may catch their eye, and they do not want to miss out on the fun. This may cause them to clamp down and pull your nipple as they quickly turn one way or another.⁵

How To Manage a Biting Baby

Here are some recommendations on how to handle it when your baby bites:

Firmly state “Don’t bite” or “no bite.” Never yell; it may surprise you, but your baby never tries to hurt you.^5,7

Remove your baby from your breast and again state, “no bite.” Return baby to the breast if still feeding; if finished, you may offer a teether to chew on.⁷

If the nipple experiences trauma and the skin is broken, use basic first aid and treat the wound.⁵

Watch your baby’s cues, and anticipate if your baby is becoming distracted; remove from the breast if finished feeding.⁷

7. Feeding After C-Section

Having a Cesarean section is a major surgery.¹ As with any major surgery, you may initially experience pain and continued discomfort at your incision site for some time. Healing from surgery, alongside taking care of your infant and breastfeeding, can feel overwhelming. This is a great time to accept help from your support system.

How To Manage Feeding After Having a C-Section

Here are some recommendations for how to manage breastfeeding your baby after a C-section:

• Ask for help. When first breastfeeding after delivery, you may need extra support from your significant other and your healthcare team. In addition, ask for guidance and assistance with comfort when breastfeeding.
• Find a comfortable breastfeeding position for you and your baby to breastfeed; the football hold position is an excellent place to start.⁹
• Use lots of pillows for support and to protect your incision while feeding.⁸
• Skin-to-skin is always a good idea!
• Pain medication. Speak with your healthcare team for appropriate pain medication to help you feel comfortable after a C-section.⁸

These breastfeeding discomforts are never anything a new mom wishes for herself. Although they may be stressful, you should never suffer alone. So, contact your healthcare team and lactation specialist for assistance in problem-solving your discomforts so you are no longer in pain and are breastfeeding in comfort!

Deciding how you will feed your baby is a huge decision for new and expecting parents. Research shows that breastfeeding offers many benefits for both the baby and the mother, and it’s a wonderful choice for many. But while it is a favorable source of nutrition for little ones, in some circumstances, choosing not to breastfeed may be best for the mother and baby duo.²

For many new parents, whether to breastfeed is a personal choice. But for some, it can come down to safety for your baby. However, understanding if breastfeeding is suitable for you and your baby or identifying whether you have any contraindications can feel overwhelming. If you are unsure about this journey, contact your healthcare team to help determine if breastfeeding is recommended for you and your baby.^1,2

Choosing Not To Breastfeed: Contraindications

Breastfeeding contraindications can arise for various reasons. Whether they are related to a medical concern, medication, or substance use, it is essential to work with your healthcare team to identify anything that could affect your little one by breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding is safe and still recommended despite many medical diagnoses. The American Academy of Pediatrics has identified some medical concerns contraindicated with breastfeeding. These contraindications include the following:²

• Infant diagnosis of galactosemia
• Specific maternal infectious disease diagnosis
• Maternal medication intake.

Galactosemia

If your baby is diagnosed with galactosemia, breastfeeding becomes unsafe for your baby.^1,2,3,4 Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder in which the body cannot digest galactose found in breast milk. Due to the inability to digest galactose, sugars build up in the body and can cause long-term complications if left untreated.⁵ Babies with galactosemia should avoid products with galactose and lactose and will need a special formula.⁴

An exception to this is a diagnosis of Duarte variant galactosemia. A study has shown it “is not associated with an increased risk of developmental abnormalities and does not benefit from dietary restrictions of galactose.” 1^,2 This variant usually shows mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.⁴

Mother Diagnosed with an Infectious Disease

Although it is reported that it is rare to have a medical condition that would contraindicate breastfeeding, there are a few diagnoses where a mother would want to choose not to breastfeed her baby at all or until the condition is resolved.^1,2,3  These identified diseases are of concern because of the possibility of passing the infection through breast milk or by contact with the infection.

The following are some infections to be aware of and consult with your healthcare team for guidance, as recommendations should be determined on a case-by-case basis:^1,2,3

• HIV
• Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 or type 2
• Ebola
• Herpetic lesions on the breast
• Hepatitis C with bleeding and cracked nipples
• Untreated brucellosis
• Untreated or active tuberculosis (but you may still express breastmilk for baby)
• Active varicella days before delivery or two days after delivery (but you may still express breastmilk for baby)

As research continuously evolves, you can reference the AAP and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for updated guidance.¹

Mother’s Medications

You can take many safe medications while breastfeeding, but there are medications to avoid. Medication use while breastfeeding can be concerning because many medications pass to a baby through breast milk. This is why it is essential to check with your health care provider before taking a medication and ensure they know you are breastfeeding when prescribed a medication. However, while you can pass medications to your baby, many are not harmful or will not impact your baby. Providers can reference medication safety with breastfeeding by researching the LactMed database online.^1,2,3

Substance Use Contraindications

Illicit substance use when breastfeeding can impact an infant’s neurobehavioral development. The AAP reports that substances such as cocaine, PCP, and illegal opioids are contraindicated.²  When it comes to marijuana use and breastfeeding, there is a lack of research, so the AAP does discourage it during breastfeeding. Current guidance from the AAP for breastfeeding and alcohol use states that having up to one standard drink of alcohol a day doesn’t harm the baby. The AAP also recommends the mother wait to feed for two hours after alcohol consumption. The AAP does not recommend additional daily alcohol consumption, mainly because breastmilk alcohol levels closely mimic blood alcohol levels.²

Even if you are a mom with no breastfeeding contraindications, breastfeeding is a personal decision. You must find what feeding method works best for you and your baby. The newborn stage is beautiful and emotional, so add in breastfeeding, and it can feel overwhelming.

Breastfeeding has its hurdles, such as low milk supply, mastitis, and sore nipples. This is quite a mental and physical load to carry. With the support of your medical team, you can resolve many of these breastfeeding barriers. If breastfeeding becomes too stressful, you may choose not to breastfeed; instead, it may be best for you and your baby to try bottle feeding. You know yourself and your baby best, so do what works for you.

Do you find your baby wakes up as soon as your head hits the pillow every night? Parenting a newborn is beautiful but exhausting. Fortunately, a practice called dream feeding might help you catch some extra ZZZs.

Most newborns eat about eight to 12 times in a 24-hour period. Some of these feedings will occur in the middle of the night, which is developmentally appropriate for the growing infant. Yes, that’s right, as much as you might not like to hear it, night wakings are normal for babies. Feeding frequency throughout the day will vary from baby to baby.¹ The method your baby is feeding (breast or bottle) and the age of your little one will also impact the amount of times they eat each day.²

While infants require more frequent feedings to meet their growing needs, sleep as a parent becomes harder to come by. There is a practice some parents have found success with that allows babies to get the food they need while giving them a bit more sleep. This practice is called dream feeding. Dream feeding is a gentle technique that can help you fill your baby’s belly before you go to bed.³ It still allows your baby to receive the calories they need but may help coordinate your baby’s sleep pattern and allow you to have a longer stretch of sleep at the beginning of the night.¹⁰

What Is a Dream Feed?

Dream feeding is a parent-initiated feed where you feed your baby without fully waking them before you go to sleep. The baby is usually half-asleep in a dreamy state while at the breast or bottle. Sneaking in that extra feed and filling your baby’s belly can help sync your baby’s longest stretch of night sleep with yours. Your baby is less likely to wake from hunger right after you fall asleep, giving you some much-needed rest.⁴

Why You Should Try To Dream Feed Your Baby

After many sleepless nights, most parents are looking for a solution to try to get their baby to sleep longer stretches. Dream feeding isn’t guaranteed to work for every family, but it could benefit you and your little one.

It’s best to try dream-feeding your baby when they can sleep for three- or four-hour stretches between nighttime feeds. This varies depending on the infant but usually lasts six weeks to four months. Fortunately, sleep feeding doesn’t interfere with your baby’s need to feed at night. It helps you shift your baby’s feeding schedule so that it is more conducive to your sleep.^4,5

How To Dream Feed

The timing of the dream feed will vary depending on when your baby goes to sleep for the night and when you go to bed. You will want to take your baby out of their bed about three to four hours after their bedtime feeding and try to offer a full feeding while they are still asleep. For instance, if your little one goes to bed around 6-7 p.m., you will feed them around 10 p.m. before you settle in for the night, hopefully giving you a few hours of uninterrupted sleep.⁴

A sample schedule would go something like this:

• 6 p.m. — Feed the baby
• 6:30 p.m. — Bedtime routine
• 7 p.m. — Baby goes to sleep
• 10 p.m. — Dream feed
• 10:30 p.m. — You go to sleep
• 2-4 a.m. — Baby wakes to feed
• 6-8 a.m. — Morning feed

The above sample schedule is just that — a sample. Everyone’s feeding “schedule” will be different. Make sure to follow your infant’s cues and feed them when it’s best for them.

Dream Feed Tips

Here are our top tips for successful dream feeding.

Find the Right Time

Choose a time at least 30 minutes before you typically go to sleep, allowing time for the feeding and for the baby to be held upright before being put back down to sleep.

Keep It Calm and Quiet

The main goal of a dream feed is for the baby to stay asleep. Dim the lights and keep the environment quiet, peaceful, and relaxed to avoid fully waking up your baby.

Use Proper Feeding Techniques

Breastfeeding may require gentle assistance to ensure your baby is latched correctly, especially if they are extra sleepy. If bottle feeding, consider using a slow-flow nipple and paced feeding to prevent overfeeding or choking.⁷

Safety First

Don’t force a breast or bottle in your baby’s mouth if they won’t latch. You can try to rouse your baby gently, but if they aren’t interested in eating, it’s best to let them sleep until they are ready to feed again.⁸ You also want to pick up your baby. Never feed your baby while they are lying in their crib or prop a bottle up.⁹

Burping Depends on Your Baby

The need to burp after the feeding depends on the baby. Burping may wake the baby, but if your baby is prone to gas or spitting up, you may want to gently burp them before laying them down.

Consult a Professional

Talk to your pediatrician or lactation consultant to ensure that dream feeding is the right choice for you and your baby.

Benefits of Dream Feeding

Here are some of the benefits of a dream feed.^4,11

• Rested parents: Offering a feed before you go to bed will help you get a longer stretch of much-needed sleep.
• Extended sleep: Dream feeding may help babies sleep for longer stretches. Offering a feeding while the infant is asleep may prevent them from waking up due to hunger during the night.
• Predictable nighttime routine: Babies thrive on routine, so dream feeding can help establish a predictable nighttime routine.

When To Stop Dream Feeding

You may want to stop dream feeding if you or your baby aren’t benefiting from it. For example, if your baby wakes up during the feeding and doesn’t easily fall back asleep or continues to wake up frequently throughout the night.⁴

If it’s working, there’s no need to rush to drop it. As babies start growing and sleeping longer stretches, the need for sleep feeds will naturally decrease. Some babies will continue until 6-9 months of age, while others may drop it sooner.^4,6

Dream feeding can be a valuable tool for parents seeking to catch extra ZZZs. By choosing an appropriate time, creating a calm environment, and maintaining safety considerations, dream feeding can be a positive addition to your baby’s sleep routine.

About to have a baby? Expecting moms often think about everything the baby will need, but what about you — the mother you are becoming? Preparing for motherhood and your postpartum time is imperative. It’s a transformative time — mind, body, and soul. And there is a lot to think about and consider when preparing for your new life with your baby. This is why we are grateful to chat with Anne Wanlund and Stef Werdmuller on today’s episode to dive deeply into the postpartum period, including postpartum wellness and the connection between postpartum depression and breastfeeding.

Who are Anne & Stef?

Anne Wanlund is the Co-Founder and CEO of Canopie, a digital maternal mental health company. Before Canopie, she spent over five years leading maternal health organizations in East Africa, most recently as the COO of a social enterprise that uses technology to improve maternal and child nutrition. She has worked in global health for the State Department, USAID, and Massachusetts General Hospital and has a Master’s degree from Tufts University. Anne is channeling her passion and expertise in maternal health and personal experiences with mental health conditions as a new mom to address the enormous care gap.

Stef Werdmuller is an IBCLC, teacher, and medical records coordinator at Aeroflow Healthcare. She is also a postpartum doula and student herbalist with an ever-increasing passion for supporting growing families. After a challenging experience breastfeeding her first child without access to resources and support, Stef was inspired to care for other parents going through the same issues. Stef values sustainability and innovation. She wants the mothers she supports to know that they matter and that non-judgmental help is available while they nourish their babies.

What did we discuss?

In this episode, we chat with Stef and Anne about all things postpartum, including the connection between postpartum depression and breastfeeding. So many things are going on with our bodies when we are postpartum. With all of the changes, physically and emotionally, it’s important to keep certain things in mind. There are also certain things women can do for a smoother transition to new motherhood. Anne and Stef also explain how mothers’ mental health can impact their ability to feed their babies. Thankfully, they share with us where mothers can turn for help and much more.

Many families choose to breastfeed their newborns based on the idea that their milk is full of everything their baby needs to flourish in those early months of life. However, new research says breast milk from American mothers may contain toxic chemicals, raising alarms over what this could mean for long-term health and wellness.

The Study Tested the Milk From 50 Mothers

Findings published in Science Direct say each sample of milk collected for the study showed some level of contaminants. Most commonly, researchers found evidence of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs), identifying 25 different types of BFRs in the study.¹

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), BPRs “are currently the largest marketed flame retardant group due to their high performance efficiency and low cost.” This means they are the most commonly used flame retardants on the market.² You can find them in everything from plastics to televisions.¹

BFRs Were Supposed To Be a Safer Alternative To Other Retardants

According to the EPA, these compounds were the answer to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), another type of flame retardant. The U.S. banned PBDEs over health concerns back in 2004. The EPA spoke out about their widespread use after determining these compounds were “toxic to both humans and the environment.”³

Unfortunately, the BPRs come with their own set of concerns.

We Don’t Know the True Dangers BPRs Present

While this group of BPRs seems to be a better option than some flame retardants on the market in the past, they still pose serious risks.

“Recent epidemiological studies clearly indicated that BFRs affect human health,” a 2011 statement from the EPA says. “The human health effects include cryptorchidism, alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis, reproductive effects, and reduced development of children at school age that include psychomotor development index and IQ performance.”²

That’s a whole lot of scary information, especially when you consider things like cryptorchidism (when testicles fail to descend into the scrotum) and psychomotor development index (a child’s ability to reach cognitive, emotional, and social milestones) can have long-term effects on a child’s quality of life.⁴

We Do Know That BPRs Are Almost Everywhere

As if that wasn’t frightening enough, the study explained that kids have additional risks of exposure, even after they stop breastfeeding.¹

BPR-contaminated dust is almost everywhere in our homes, and humans most often face exposure when they breathe it in or ingest it through food and drinks.^1,2 The EPA says that “indoor contamination is proposed to be a significant source of human exposure.”²

Additionally, there’s a class of BFRs found in plastic toys made from recycled material. The study says this compound had the “greatest leaching” when tested with artificial saliva.¹

What Should Parents Do?

As parents ourselves, we know how terrifying this news sounds. But we’d like to caution against making any changes based on these findings. The benefits of breastfeeding still outweigh the risk of BPR contamination, especially given how prevalent these chemicals are in homes.⁵

While we hope this study doesn’t make people less likely to nurse, we hope it sparks a conversation about what these chemicals do to the environment and our bodies. It’s important to consider how we can make safer choices for manufacturing what our children use and love.

Whether you are returning to work or come across an unforeseen reason you need to be apart from your little one, having a breast milk freezer stash can put your mind at ease. It is the ultimate dream and can give a breastfeeding mom much peace of mind. You never know when something will take you away from your little one for a time, and a little preparation can feel good when you learn how to build a breast milk freezer stash.

When you begin your breastfeeding journey, a breast milk freezer stash might feel unobtainable, but don’t worry, mama, you are reading the right article. Following these tips, you will build your breast milk freezer stash before you know it.

How to Build Your Breast Milk Freezer Stash

When it comes to starting to build your breast milk freezer stash, you can add a few steps to your daily routine. An essential piece of the puzzle is to start thinking about when you will first be separated from your little one. For example, if you know the date you will be returning to work, aim to start establishing your freezer stash a few weeks before your return date.

Here are some more tips to help you build your breast milk freezer stash.

Catch Your Let Down

Today, many “let down milk collectors” are available for sale. You may see them called “catchers,” “collectors,” or “savers,” or something like that, but generally, they all work the same way. These collectors catch expressed milk on the opposite side you are breastfeeding during your letdown. Although the amount you may catch may not be enough for a full feed for your little one, it is the perfect way to start storing breast milk. And who knows, you might even be surprised at how much you collect this way.

Pump After Breastfeeding

When you’re on a mission to create a freezer stash of breast milk, you will become very familiar with your breast pump. Start by picking one or two daily sessions to pump 10-15 minutes after each feed. This can increase as needed. One of the best times to pump after feeding is in the early morning when your supply tends to be the highest. During the night and early morning hours, prolactin levels are at their highest, decreasing slowly throughout the day. Prolactin is essential in initiating and maintaining milk production. By staying consistent with pumping after feeding, you will let your body know how much milk your body needs for your baby. Don’t overdo it; you don’t want to be engorged.^1,3

Maintain a Pumping Schedule at Work

If you are a mother returning to work, you might worry if your freezer is not full, but please don’t! You will continue to pump each day while you are at work. It will be essential to squeeze in as many pumping sessions as you would have breastfeeding sessions at home. This will ideally provide you with enough milk for your baby the next time you are apart and continue to build your freezer stash of breast milk.

Benefits of Having a Breast Milk Freezer Stash

The two main things a stash of breast milk can bring to a mother are confidence and peace of mind. As you start to see your breast milk freezer stash grow, you can rest easy knowing if an emergency comes up, you have a backup for your little one during your time apart. I don’t know about you, but I like to be prepared for everything since becoming a mom. And that included a “just in case” breast milk stash in the freezer.

Another benefit of a breast milk freezer stash is the little bit of freedom it can bring to a mother. If you have an opportunity to run out to dinner with a friend, go on a date night with your partner, or you want to run an errand on your own, having milk at home can allow you the chance to enjoy these outings without feeling like you must rush home to breastfeed.

How to Store Breast Milk in the Freezer

Due to breast milk’s antibacterial, probiotic, prebiotic, antioxidant, and immune support properties, proper breast milk storage is paramount. The following steps can help ensure you properly collect and freeze your breast milk to maintain its amazing properties for your baby.²

1. Wash your hands thoroughly before beginning to express milk.
2. Express your milk into a clean container using clean pump parts.
3. Label the container or milk storage bag with the date, time, and amount. You may even add your baby’s name if stored in a setting other than home. Some also label what they ate before the pumping session in case their child has a reaction to the milk.
4. When freezing breast milk, it is a good idea to divide it into expected volumes the baby takes at feeding so as not to let any go to waste.
5. Ensure the freezer is maintained at 24.8 degrees Fahrenheit to -4 degrees Fahrenheit. Place the milk in an area with a low risk of damage to the bags or containers in the back of the freezer. Placing it in the back of the freezer will have less chance of being exposed to warmer temperatures when someone opens the freezer.
6. Use your breast milk stash within six months (optimal recommendation) to 12 months of freezing.

Using Frozen Breast Milk

Here is how to properly thaw and use frozen breast milk.

Thaw

To thaw your frozen breast milk, place it in the refrigerator overnight, sit it in a warm container of water, or run the container under warm water. It is important to note that the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine says thawing in the refrigerator is a slower process that results in less fat loss in the breast milk than sitting frozen milk in warm water to thaw.^2,4

Use

When breast milk is thawed to room temperature, pour it into a clean feeding device. Thawed milk should be used within 24 hours, and if it’s brought to room temperature, it should be used within two hours.²

Breast Milk Freezer Stash Tips

Here are some tips to help you build and maintain a breast milk freezer stash.¹

• Don’t stress about pumping immediately; enjoy breastfeeding with your little one. Establish the breastfeeding relationship before introducing bottles and worrying about pumping.
• Be sure to work on introducing a bottle to your little one before you are apart for the first time. You want to ensure they are comfortable with the change in feeding method and can take the bottle. This might not happen immediately, so keep practicing and don’t force it.
• Your breast milk freezer stash should never be used instead of pumping or breastfeeding. This can impact your breast milk supply, and you could see a decrease. Always pump to maintain your breast milk supply even when your little one is receiving a bottle.
• Contact your healthcare team and lactation specialist if you are struggling with pumping. They can help troubleshoot. It may be as simple as using the incorrect flange size while pumping.
• Before returning to work, talk to human resources or your manager about what your pumping breaks will look like. Ask where you will be able to pump and how often. Try your best to make your pumping spot comfortable, do your best to relax, and maybe even look at a picture of your little one while pumping.

Leaving your baby can be emotionally and physically challenging, especially the first few times. Although having a breast milk freezer stash won’t totally ease your mind while you are away, you will at least ensure your little one has enough milk while you are apart. With some extra work, your freezer stash will grow before you know it. Keep up the hard work, mama; you got this!